Parallel computing, on the other hand, uses multiple processing elements simultaneously to solve a problem. Only one instruction may execute at a time-after that instruction is finished, the next is executed. These instructions are executed on a central processing unit on one computer. To solve a problem, an algorithm is constructed and implemented as a serial stream of instructions. Traditionally, computer software has been written for serial computation. 3.2.4.3 Application-specific integrated circuits. 3.2.4.2 General-purpose computing on graphics processing units (GPGPU).3.2.4.1 Reconfigurable computing with field-programmable gate arrays.1.4 Fine-grained, coarse-grained, and embarrassing parallelism.1.3 Race conditions, mutual exclusion, synchronization, and parallel slowdown.The maximum possible speed-up of a program as a result of parallelization is observed as Amdahl's law. Communication and synchronization between the different subtasks are typically some of the greatest obstacles to getting good parallel program performance. Parallel computer programs are more difficult to write than sequential ones, because concurrency introduces several new classes of potential software bugs, of which race conditions are the most common. Specialized parallel computer architectures are sometimes used alongside traditional processors, for accelerating specific tasks. Parallel computers can be roughly classified according to the level at which the hardware supports parallelism, with multi-core and multi-processor computers having multiple processing elements within a single machine, while clusters, MPPs, and grids use multiple computers to work on the same task. As power consumption (and consequently heat generation) by computers has become a concern in recent years, parallel computing has become the dominant paradigm in computer architecture, mainly in the form of multicore processors. Parallelism has been employed for many years, mainly in high-performance computing, but interest in it has grown lately due to the physical constraints preventing frequency scaling. There are several different forms of parallel computing: bit-level, instruction level, data, and task parallelism. Parallel computing is a form of computation in which many calculations are carried out simultaneously, operating on the principle that large problems can often be divided into smaller ones, which are then solved concurrently ("in parallel").
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